Short version: No, not every game has target numbers.
Long version: within the d&d context, DCs set by the DM have only existed for about half of d&d’s history, starting with 3e. Before that, “skill checks” worked in a few different ways including percentile dice compared to level, rolling under the most relevant ability score, or just rolling a d6. Outside the d&d context, my gut says that arbitrary target numbers are less common than fixed ones or ranges. In my experience, they’re faster and simpler, too.
